lunes, 23 de abril de 2007

Cuando no es sólo papel lo que arde en un libro

Podríamos encuadrar Fahrenheit 451 en un libro más de ciencia ficción, de proyecciones futuras amargas y trágicas a la vez, pero al reconocernos en estas circunstancias socialmente se genera una suerte de catarsis, una autocrítica que nos lleva a odiarnos y odiar el orden establecido. En el libro se nos presenta, al estilo de 1984 o Un mundo feliz, una sociedad futura donde la memoria ha perdido el recuerdo y sólo se vive el momento, influidos por la necesidad que tiene el hombre de encontrar la felicidad a cualquier precio.

Este libro presenta una dosis de pesimismo mayor producida en el lector, en contra del carácter esperanzador que tiene la obra. Pesimismo porque la degradación de la sociedad no ha venido motivada por ningún golpe de Estado, por ningún tipo de control gubernamental excesivo, sino que la propia sociedad en su fuero interno (donde es evidente que también influye el Estado, ya que no podemos eximirlo de culpa) ha ido gestando y componiendo su propia crisis, dejándose llevar por el automatismo y la falta de pensamiento crítico. Cuando el autor analiza el componente audiovisual y el papel que juega la televisión no podemos más que fijarnos en nosotros mismos; cuando refiere que toda la quema de libros en que se basa la obra, mera figuración de la pérdida del pensamiento, no podemos más que descubrirnos en el sentido de que los libros se han ido perdiendo conforme la sociedad ha dejado de interesarse en ellos. Es curioso que un escritor nacido en los años 20 pueda reflejar tan vivamente la sociedad tecnológica actual, la pérdida paulatina de cualquier tipo de valor. La educación visual de los niños, en la que los padres se limitan a situarlos enfrente de una gran pantalla que hace las veces de educadora.

Carece de la sistematicidad de la obra de Orwell, donde quedan descritos muchos más aspectos y explicado con exactitud todo el proceso de pérdida humanitaria y como va conformándose el poder y logrando sustentarse a sí mismo. En esta obra no se hacen referencias a la cúpula política ni administrativa, todo parece surgido de una suerte de anarquía colectiva que tiene a los medios de comunicación y la publicidad como gestores.

En la época en que fue escrito podemos decir que fue el máximo esplendor de la masa y, a la vez, donde surgió la crítica más férrea a ésta desde todos los ámbitos. Hoy en día ese carácter parece haberse perdido, ya que la fragmentación social ha hecho más especializadas las comunicaciones y ya no hablamos de masa sino de grupos sociales. Pero para que engañarnos, hemos pasado de una Masa en mayúsculas para una masa de grupos sociales, o casi podríamos decir una masa como grupo social que se muestra diferenciado y omnipresente respecto al resto de grepúsculos. Únicamente cabe aguzar el oído y escuchar a nuestro alrededor como las conversaciones se repiten, los comportamientos se repiten y el ocio y la creencia de que la felicidad es la ausencia de preocupaciones reina por doquier. Un futuro nada augurador, puesto que sí bien es cierto que en el libro de Bradbury al final se ve una luz que no es la de la hoguera que arrasa, esta ha venido después de siglos de una historia vendida al mejor postor, al mejor anunciante.

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